Error: db4 error(-30974) from dbenv->open: DB_VERSION_MISMATCH: Database environment version mismatch

Solution:  Remove the corrupted db file by ,

rm -f /var/lib/rpm/__db*

Then rebuild rpm database by command,

rpm –rebuilddb -v -v

That’s it.

For example default php version on server is set to php 4 then all domains by default will use php4.  But certain applications installed on a domain runs only under php5 then in that case it is necessary that domain should use php5

Open .htaccess by any suitable editor like vi, pico etc. Put the following code into it.

Server without suphp enabled

AddType application/x-httpd-php5 .php .htm .html

Server with suphp enabled

AddHandler application/x-httpd-php5 .php .htm .html

Same way you can enable php4 if the default php version is php5. Just put the php4 instead php5 in above code.

License could not be activated.

Following are some reasons due to which this error can be occurred.

1)If server hostname has been changed

2)If primary IP of cPanel server for which cPanel license was activated, has been changed.

3)Server firewall.

Here are some basic steps to fix this error.

Verify that cPanel license is activated at http://verify.cpanel.net.

If link shows that WHM is licensed then verify server hostname , primary IP just to ensure if it hasn’t been changed. Correct the primary IP address , hostname if it found to be changed.  Stop/start server firewall.

If server IP, hostname is correct then check if server’s primary IP address match with the IP address of license. For that type the following command from shell.

curl http://www.cPanel.net/showip.cgi

If output gives other IP address then you need to license that IP.

If everything appears to be corrected then just activate cPanel license from command line.

root@server [~]# /usr/local/cpanel/cpkeyclt

Hope you shouldn’t see any error at this time.

Here are few steps with which you can enable password protection

1)Login to cPanel.

2)Click on icon Password Protect Directories. Directory Selection window will appear. 3)Click on radio button of web root and then click on Go button.

4)Click on folder name for which you wish to enable password protection.

5)Enable checkbox Password protect this directory.

6)Put proper name in the field Password protect this directory and click on save button.

Here you done with the password protection.

Now you need to add user with the password to access protected folder.

7)In the field username put username

8′) Then put the password in New password field, repeat the password  in Password (Again) field and then click on button Add/modify authorized user

Now try the URL just to confirm that password protection is working for desired folder. If you see username / password prompt then it indicate that password protection is enabled.

Quick steps to enable password protection from shell.

Create .htaccess file in folder which you wish to make it password protected and put the following content

AuthName “Restricted Area”

AuthType Basic

AuthUserFile /home/username/.htpasswd

<Limit GET POST PUT>

Require valid-user

</Limit>

Username should be cPanel user of the domain.

Now type the following command in shell to add username and password

htpasswd -c /home/username/.htpasswd testuser.

In apache 2.2 you may need to use absolute path of htpasswd, /usr/local/apache/bin/htpasswd

That will be prompted for new password. Put the desired password.

The newly username and password will be saved in /home/username/.htpasswd

Now open browser to access secure part of the webite just to ensure that you are prompted for username and password.

A wildcard ssl use to secure not only primary domain but also multiple subdomains added on it. SSL certificates are usually issued to fully qualified domain names (FQDN), so if you want to access your domain at secure link with www and without www then you would need two separate SSL Certificates.
There is no need of separate ssl certificate for www.domain.com and domain.com if you purchase wildcard ssl.

You can access a domain with www or without www with the wildcard SSL.
Any subdomain added on it can be accessible at secure link with the same wild card ssl installed at primary domain.

Wildcard DNS

A wildcard DNS record redirects requests for non-existent domain names (Usually subdomains that are not exists) to primary domain name.
For example if you type xyz.domain.com it will redirects the requets to domain.com.

A wildcard DNS record is specified by using a *  as the leftmost part of a domain name, e.g. *.domain.com.

For wildcard ssl, domain should have wildcard dns enabled on it. Follow the few steps here and you will be able to enable wildcard dns for domain on cPanel server.

A typical dns zone file of any domain on cPanel server,

; cPanel 11.28.60-RELEASE_50962
; Zone file for domain.com
$TTL 600
@      600      IN      SOA     ns9.dns.com. admin.domain.com. (
2011020102      ; serial, todays date+todays
86400           ; refresh, seconds
7200            ; retry, seconds
3600000         ; expire, seconds
86400 )         ; minimum, seconds

domain.com. 600 IN NS ns9.dns.com.
domain.com. 600 IN NS ns10.dns.com.

domain.com. IN A x.x.x.x

localhost.domain.com. IN A 127.0.0.1

domain.com. IN MX 0 domain.com.

mail IN CNAME domain.com.
www IN CNAME domain.com.
ftp IN A x.x.x.x
cpanel IN A x.x.x.x
whm IN A x.x.x.x
webmail IN A x.x.x.x
webdisk IN A x.x.x.x

Open the dns zone file of domain by vi editir or from WHM >  Main >> DNS Functions >> Edit DNS Zone and simply add the entry

*.domain.com IN A x.x.x.x

Save the file and restart the named sevice.

Now one more change need to done in apache.conf but here you need to add one more entry in serveralias.

Open apache configuration file on server by vi editor as vi /usr/local/apache/conf/httpd.conf. Add serveralias for domain as
*.domain.com

<VirtualHost x.x.x.x:80>
ServerName domain.com
ServerAlias www.domain.com *.domain.com
DocumentRoot /home/cpanel_user/public_html
ServerAdmin webmaster@domain.com

Save the changes and restart apace server.  Once this done you are free to install wildcard ssl on domain

Benefits of Using the Linux Operating System

There are many benefits to using the Linux operating system in a web hosting environment, especially for consumers who are looking for low-cost web hosting services. The main benefits that are available from using Linux web hosting include:

• Open source – as the Linux operating system is open source, it allows web hosting companies to offer low cost web hosting services without compromising the quality of the web hosting service provided – when compared to commercial platforms such as Windows, open source operating systems are able to provide the benefit of full access to the operating system source code meaning that modifications can be made to the core of the platform if required as some larger web hosting providers may choose to do this if they are looking to offer improved levels of security and a more stable platform than what other web hosting companies can provide
• Reliability – when compared to Windows web hosting plans, Linux web hosting plans are seen as being more reliable and can provide customers with a worry-free web hosting experience – the issue that many web hosting companies are trying to overcome is downtime because this can be a major disadvantage to businesses that rely on their websites to provide them with a source of income, whether that be through advertising or sales of a product, because in such situations downtime can cost money – it is recommended that you choose a web hosting plan that can provide you with an uptime guarantee, simply so you know what to expect from your web hosting package
• Security – the security of Linux web hosting servers is seen as being stronger than that of a Windows server because there are many different measures that can be taken to provide a high level of security to Linux hosting customers – as well as using software firewalls to improve the level of security surrounding a Linux web hosting server, hardware firewalls are also recommended as well as measures to prevent SQL injections that could potentially take place through hosted web pages that are using weak code.

Disadvantages of Using Linux Web Hosting

There can also be disadvantages to using the Linux platform under some circumstances, include but not limited to:

• Management – the management of Linux servers can be seen as being an issue in some situations because you can only manage a Linux server through the command line over SSH meaning that you need to have some sort of basic knowledge as to how the Linux operating system functions so that you know what commands to use to complete certain tasks that will need to be done as part of maintaining your server – however, if you are inexperienced with server management then you can always consider using a fully managed Linux server hosting service as a way of having your needs met because this will take the responsibility of managing your Linux server away from you and will pass it on to an experienced support team who will do a professional job of it – if you do have experience with managing Linux servers then you can use this to your advantage by purchasing an unmanaged Linux server which you can then manage yourself, saving yourself money in the process
• Hacker target – because Linux is so widely used by large businesses and web hosting providers alike, Linux servers are often one of the main targets for hackers that are looking to gain access to systems illegally to steal the data and other information held on them – this can be an issue for some because it means that more advanced security measures have to be taken to protect Linux web hosting servers and the data that they hold and this can cost web hosting companies both time and money to ensure that the task is completed to a high level.

In conclusion, there are many different Linux web hosting companies to choose from and because of this you should consider each company based on their own merits as opposed to what they are able to offer in terms of web hosting plans as there is likely to be little difference between the services provided by individual web hosting companies. For the most part you won’t need to be worrying about the Linux distribution that is being used unless you are using Linux dedicated web hosting and have highly specific requirements as this will provide you with an opportunity to select an OS that has been designed for a specific purpose.

Green hosting is the term that is applied to web hosting companies utilizing technologies that will allow them to become “carbon neutral” or reduce their overall carbon emissions in order to reduce the impact that they are having on global warming. There are a variety of different methods available and steps that can be taken to become a “green web hosting provider” and as the focus on global warming becomes ever more intense, more businesses are looking to improve their “green image” where possible and choosing green hosting is one way in which they can achieve this.

Electricity from Wind Turbines

Using green energy sources is one of the main methods that web hosting companies are taking on board to help improve their green hosting image. Electricity from wind turbines is one of the most cost-efficient ways of achieving this to power data centre equipment including servers and routers because they are fairly cheap to install and yield better results when compared to other options. In simple terms, wind turbines deliver power to servers in the following way:

• Wind turbines can be installed on the site of the data centre to reduce the need for the power to travel through the national grid as this can increase costs
• The power generated is exclusively used for the data centre, any excess power generated can be fed back to the National Grid as this will provide the data centre with an extra source of income
• The power can then be used to power the equipment that resides in the data centre, from servers to routers it is all covered and this is without the need for any modifications to the power supplies or the architecture of the power system.

However, the problem with wind turbines is that the generation of electricity is reliant on the weather conditions at the time because if there is no wind then there is no way for electricity to be generated. In such a situation any well-organized data centre will also have mainline power available for use if needs be. If a data centre can be built upon the idea of using renewable energy sources over traditional sources of energy then this will help to reduce the carbon footprint of the given data centre.

Energy Efficient Equipment

In an age where servers are becoming more powerful, people are becoming more cautious of their electricity usage and reliance on non-renewable energy resources. As power becomes more expensive, it is important for hardware manufacturers to develop new products and technologies that use less energy whilst still retaining the developments that have been made with faster processors and memory.

By adopting more energy efficient hardware in their data centres, web hosting companies will be able to reduce their monthly power bills whilst reaping the benefits of having access to more powerful hardware and routers. Such options for more energy efficient hardware may include:

• Using newer processors that have been manufactured to specifically use less energy at the current generation of server processors, whilst maintaining performance and offering new benefits
• Moving to use SSDs (solid state hard drives) that are based on more modern flash memory over existing disk-based hard drive solutions used by most server vendors.

Virtual Hosting

Virtual hosting is another popular method being adopted to help save rack space and to reduce web hosting providers’ reliance on physical servers. Like VPS hosting, virtual hosting allows web hosting companies to purchase one powerful server and then merge existing servers into being separate virtual machines on the physical server. Virtual hosting is able to offer benefits such as:

• Consolidation of multiple servers into one server, saving on rack space and reducing a web hosting company’s overall power usage because only one server will be in use instead of several
• Virtual servers will be easier to manage over physical boxes because the daemon software that will be running on the virtual host node will provide you with additional software tools that will allow you to control the state of your virtual servers from the desktop
• Money will also be saved if you are only purchasing one server over several because you will only be paying for the rack space used by one server in comparison to having to pay for the rack space that is being taken up by several servers.

In conclusion, green web hosting providers can achieve the status of being “carbon neutral” through the adoption of several different techniques that will affect their hardware arrangements as well as how their hardware is powered. The investment in renewable energy sources is long-term which is a reason for not every web hosting company being so keen on it as some will prefer to see instant results over long-term benefits. However, in an age where more businesses are becoming more interested in green technologies, it pays for web hosting providers to research green hosting methods.

PHP Content Management System

PHP content management systems are recommend for those considering low cost web hosting services and who would prefer to use a Linux web hosting package over one based on a Windows hosting server. A PHP CMS will typically use a MySQL database backend and this will help to enhance your user experience to provide you with a highly functional CMS that will be ideal as the base for even the largest of websites as such CMS systems tend to be highly scalable. If you are a web developer then you should choose a CMS that is based on the scripting language that you are most familiar with because this will allow you to develop and alter the system as your needs change. PHP CMS systems tend to be the open source alternatives as MySQL and Linux are open source alternatives to commercial products; this can be beneficial to beginners that are only getting started as it means that you won’t have to pay anything to use the application and under most circumstances will be able to use the open source CMS as you wish to create and manage the content for your website.

ASP Content Management System

Content management systems that are developed using either classic ASP or ASP.NET are designed for hosting on Windows servers as this is the only platform capable of hosting ASP based web pages and scripts. Classic ASP and ASP.NET web scripts tend to use either Microsoft Access databases or Microsoft SQL Server databases as these are the arguably the two best systems for use on Windows servers; any scalable ASP CMS is going to be using a Microsoft SQL Server database as to ensure that you are provided with the best levels of reliability and scalability possible. As Windows is a commercial product it is going to cost more to host an ASP content management system than it would cost to host a PHP CMS meaning that classic ASP and ASP.NET CMS systems are aimed at businesses rather than individuals. An ASP CMS is also unlikely to be open source in most situations, adding to the cost as it means that you’ll need to pay for a license in order to use your chosen ASP content management application.

Benefits of Using a Content Management System

A content management system will make it easier for you to manage the content that forms of your website as if you are using static HTML web pages then it can be a complicated process of first manually updating the files on your local computer and then having to upload them to your web space using a technology such as FTP. A CMS will provide you with a web interface that can be accessed through any web browser that will allow you to manage all aspects of your website; such an admin interface will allow you to upload videos, pictures and other files to form your content as you wish. As well as saving you time, a CMS can also save you money as if you are paying for someone to update your website every time you wish to add content or make a change then you can combat this by doing it yourself through a CMS, you can also setup additional users if you wish to spread the load of the management of your website.

Disadvantages of CMS Hosting

There are also disadvantages to using content management systems in some situations because they may not always be beneficial to some webmasters, for example those who are running smaller websites that aren’t updated on a regular basis. If the database backend of your website fails then the CMS base of your website will fail because it will be unable to access the content that your website requires to function, thus meaning that your website will be rendered inaccessible to your visitors. If you are looking to use a commercial CMS then you may be at a disadvantage because you will have to pay for the software that you are using when a open source solution may be more fitting for your needs, although the disadvantage of using open source applications is that you can’t always be sure that the software will be updated on a regular basis.

In conclusion, a CMS will improve your management experience if you are the webmaster of a site that needs to have its content updated on a regular basis in order to remain fresh and to keep the target audience focused and returning. Your choice of CMS system should be one that is based on a review of your specific needs and how scalable you need a system to be, although it can be safely concluded that some open source CMS systems are some of the best web applications available.

What is cloud hosting?

The idea of cloud hosting is to use a large number of servers to create one centralized hosting environment to which you can upload all of the data that is hosted under your web hosting account. In a cloud hosting environment each server is usually designed for a specific task, with there being separate mail servers, web servers and DNS servers to deal with individual requests as they come in; there will never be a single server for one purpose because this will create a single point of failure for the service in question meaning that for example, there will be a minimum of two web servers so that there will always be at least one other server available in the event that the main web server crashes. This technique can be used in a wide variety of web hosting services; the distribution of services makes cloud hosting suitable for shared hosting environments that designed for hosting shared web hosting packages and reseller hosting services, although at the same time maintaining their low pricing levels. On the other hand VPS servers can also be hosted in a cloud environment, with the only difference being that the resources for VPS servers can be expanded to a greater extent than in a single-node VPS hosting environment.

What are the benefits of added reliability?

Added reliability will mean that you won’t have to worry about whether your visitors are going to be able to access your website or not because if your website is down then they aren’t going to be able to visit your web pages, and if they are visiting your website for the first time then they may not necessarily return. If you are using a reliable web hosting package then you can also be sure that you are getting good value for money from your web hosting package as if your website is unavailable then effectively you aren’t receiving the service that you are paying for; depending on the form of web hosting that you are using, your web hosting company may have an SLA (Service Level Agreement) in place that will govern the level of uptime that they must provide and in the case of cloud hosting, SLAs usually rate the uptime available at 100%, or in some cases slightly lower at 99.9% as a way of covering their backs if downtime does occur.

How can cloud hosting offer a higher level of security?

A cloud hosting package will also be able to provide you with a higher level of security than previous forms of web hosting which will enable you to focus on the development of your website without having to worry about the security of your hosting environment. Although web hosting companies strive to provide good security in their existing shared and virtual hosting environments, the enclosed and distributed nature of cloud hosting enables web hosting companies to target any viruses that infect their machines much more easily without compromising stability. As well as there being more than one machine available to take the load for each specific service, there will also be hardware firewalls in place that will reduce the affect that any external DDOS attacks could have as well as to prevent hackers from making any ground if they do gain entry to a single server.

How can I manage my resources in a cloud hosting environment?

Another important benefit of using cloud hosting is the fact that you can easily extend any of your account resources as you require to provide yourself with more disk space, bandwidth or any other resources that your web hosting provider deems as expandable. The cluster of servers available means that there will always be a large pool of resources to dig into when you require more for your web hosting account. This is such an important benefit because it will allow you to upgrade the resources of your web hosting account without having to change your web hosting plan; the extra resources you require will just be billed on top of the price of your based web hosting plan and are normally billed per unit of the resource concerned.

In conclusion, cloud web hosting can provide you with a wide variety of benefits that will not only enhance your web hosting experience but will allow you to save money in areas that may not necessarily be that important to you and the web hosting plan that you have chosen. Cloud web hosting is gradually being adopted by more web hosting providers meaning that the choice of hosting packages available in cloud hosting environments is becoming bigger; at the same time, this kind of expansion is causing the cost of cloud hosting to drop helping to make it more cost effective for individuals as well as small businesses.

Benefits of Shared Web Hosting

There are many benefits to using shared web hosting, especially for those who are using web hosting services for the first time as they are easy to manage but are also low cost and low maintenance. Since you won’t have to worry about the maintenance of the server that your shared web hosting account is hosted on, you will be able to focus on managing your web hosting account and setting it up correctly. A shared hosting server will be managed by your web hosting company so that you won’t have to worry about needing any knowledge when it comes to the management of servers and operating systems; however, this does reduce the flexibility of a shared hosting package. The low cost of shared web hosting has to be the biggest attraction for most users because it provides you with an affordable web hosting service that is easy to use; your choice of platform will obviously affect how much you pay as will any additional extras that you have chosen to enhance your web hosting package.

Benefits of Reseller Hosting

Unlike a shared hosting package, a reseller web hosting service will allow you to create your own client accounts that you can then share with others if you are going to be hosting the websites of other people but don’t want to have to be managing them as well. Reseller web hosting services are designed to allow you to offer your own web hosting packages based on the resources that you have available with your chosen web hosting plan; most web hosting companies will provide you with access to a web hosting control panel that will allow you to add your own client accounts as required – your clients will then be able to access their own web hosting account using the assigned username and password. As is the case with shared web hosting, you can purchase Windows reseller hosting packages and Linux reseller hosting packages meaning that if you want to start your own web hosting business, it is easy to offer packages on both platforms. Although some shared web hosting services do allow the hosting of multiple domains, a reseller hosting package provides this feature in a way that is more organised and easier to manage.

Resources

The resources available with a shared web hosting package will be much different to those assigned to a reseller hosting service, simply because a reseller hosting package is typically an upgrade over a shared web hosting package. For the most part a shared web hosting service is to help you get started with web hosting so that you are able to upgrade when needs be without being prevented with too much of a challenge; the resources reflect this idea as you won’t be able to store too much in your web space, but there is enough disk space available to cope with the hosting of small websites. If you require a web hosting package that is hosted in a shared environment that can offer you resources greater than a standard shared web hosting service then a reseller web hosting package will be the way forward for you; even though a reseller package is designed for multiple domain hosting, there is nothing to stop you from hosting one website that you can then assign all of your account’s resources to so that you end up with one account that has a large amount of resources to use.

Support

Any good web hosting company should offer the same level of support for shared web hosting customers and reseller web hosting customers as they are going to be sharing the same servers. As a reseller customer, your web hosting provider may be able to offer support to your customers as well which could be an added advantage as it will remove the need for you to deal with enquiries generated by your customers. As a shared hosting customer you may not always receive a high level of support as shared hosting isn’t always the main focus of all web hosting businesses.

In conclusion, shared web hosting and reseller hosting services both share the same common hosting environment and are aimed at the lower end of the web hosting market rather than the higher end. The cost of shared web hosting makes it attractive to those who are using web hosting for the first time because it means that they have nothing to lose if they find that they require a more powerful web hosting service; the price of a reseller web hosting package will also be attractive for those who may be considering starting their own web hosting business.